The relief of revenue reserves
There is no question that we find ourselves in uncertain times. It is during periods of uncertainty that the investment trust structure has distinct merits. That’s because investment trusts, which are listed companies in their own right, can store future income away for a rainy day – a unique function of investment trusts called revenue reserves.
Revenue reserves are the means by which investment trusts can continue to grow their dividends even when dividends across the stock market are falling, typically during economic downturns. Investment trusts do not have to distribute all of their income in each financial year. They are allowed to hold back up to 15 per cent of their annual income. For example, in a good year for investment income, an investment trust might hold back 5 per cent of its income, while distributing the other 95 per cent in dividends to its shareholders. The 5 per cent that is held back will be added to the revenue reserve. Over the years, the revenue reserve can build up to a substantial sum if the investment trust is able to make further retentions.
In contrast, during an economic recession, there will be dividend cuts. If during these times an investment trust’s income from its portfolio declines, it is still possible to grow its dividend by drawing down from the revenue reserve. Obviously, revenue reserves are finite and so using the revenue reserves to sustain dividend growth can only take place for a limited number of years. The revenue reserve of an investment trust is revealed each year in its annual report and accounts. The largest revenue reserves tend to be found in old investment trusts which have accumulated them over many years.
City of London’s use of revenue reserves
I have now managed City of London Investment Trust for more than 27 years and we have grown our dividend in each of those years. We have had to use revenue reserves in seven different years to increase the dividend. Our financial year ends on 30th June and I can well remember how difficult it was for world equity markets over the twelve months to 30th June 2002. During those 12 months, City of London’s earnings per share (including all its investment income) fell by 11.0 per cent to 7.48p and yet we were still able to increase the dividend per share by 5.9 per cent to 7.94p. The difference between 7.94p and 7.48p, or 0.46p, was paid from the revenue reserve.
The following year (to 30th June 2003), earnings per share recovered by 5.2 per cent to 7.87p but it was still not enough to cover the dividend per share, which we increased by 1.6 per cent to 8.07p using the revenue reserve. The next year (to 30th June 2004,) earnings per share grew by 4.7 per cent to 8.24p but again failed to cover the dividend per share, which grew by 3.2 per cent to 8.33p. It was after three years of using revenue reserves, in the 12 months to 30th June 2005, that the dividend per share of 8.62p (up by 3.5 per cent) was covered by earnings per share of 8.88p (up by 7.8 per cent) and revenue reserves were once again added to.
In City of London’s portfolio, I aim to be invested in companies that can consistently grow their profits and dividends through the cycle. However, during economic downturns, there are bound to be companies that disappoint. Open Ended Investment Companies (OEICs) have to distribute 100 per cent of their income each year and are not permitted to have a revenue reserve. I would have not been able to achieve 27 years of annual dividend increases if I had been managing an OEIC.
City of London’s annual dividend stood at 4.56p in 1991, the year when I was appointed its Fund Manager. The quarterly dividend is now 4.75p and the investment trust’s Board of Directors has announced that it intends to pay an annual dividend of 18.60p for the year to 30th June 2019.
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